De Anima: On the Soul by Aristotle

Author:Aristotle [Aristotle]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Philosophy, History & Surveys, Ancient & Classical
ISBN: 9781585104918
Google: KzpwBQAAQBAJ
Publisher: Hackett Publishing
Published: 2012-04-20T04:00:00+00:00

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6 See Glossary, “Substantial Being”

7 See Glossary, “Affections”

8 See Glossary, “Incidental”

9 See Glossary, “Categories”, “Potency/Potential”, and “Being-fully-itself”

10 In raising the question of likeness of form, Aristotle may have in mind (as the subsequent two sentences also suggest) the “one-soul-fits-all” Pythagorean doctrine according to which the souls of humans are reborn in animals and vice-versa, which would only be possible if all soul had one form.

11 See Glossary, “Logos”

12 The question here is whether the different activities of soul belong to different souls within the living being or different parts of one soul.

13 For example, owls are distinct beings with certain attributes, like having a particular kind of beak. If we want to know why the beak is the way it is, it would be useful to have a clear sense of what an owl is (a kind of nocturnal bird predatory upon rodents). But also if we could give some account of all the proper attributes that fill out an accurate image of the owl (its particular kind of eyes, wings, talons, bodily proportions, etc.), this might help us to gain a clear sense of what kind of thing the owl is (especially if we contrast them with the corresponding attributes of, say, a robin).

14 See Glossary, “First Philosophy”.

15 Democritus of Abdera (born c.460 BC) explained natural beings in terms of tiny particles (“atoms”, or “indivisibles”).

16 Teacher of Democritus, and probably the first to develop the doctrine of atomism.

17 A school of thinkers explaining all things in terms of mathematics (especially numbers), they claimed to follow Pythagoras of Samos (6th cent. BC), though it is unclear how central mathematics was to the thought of Pythagoras himself.

18 Plato characterizes the soul this way in Phaedrus 245b-e and Laws 895b.

19 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c.500-428 BC) taught that the elements that constitute natural beings were put into order by Mind (nous). He was also an advisor to the Athenian statesman Pericles.

20 I have translated the Greek word nous as “mind” when referring broadly to what we would call “consciousness” (as Aristotle’s predecessors tend to use it) and as “intellect” when Aristotle means to speak of it in distinction from other cognitive potencies. (See Glossary, “Intellect.”)

21 This line occurs at Iliad 23.698, but Hector is not the subject there.

22 According to Aristotle, Empedocles of Agrigentum (c.492-432 BC) treated the first four (earth, water, air and fire) as material constitutives of all things and the last two (love and contention or strife) as the principles of attraction and repulsion between them (Metaphysics 988a27ff.).

23 An unknown text.

24 “The number of the plane” is 3 (since three points are required to define a plane surface) and “the number of the solid” is 4.

25 Thales of Miletus (7th-6th cent. BC) is one of the ancient “Seven Sages” and often considered the first Greek philosopher.

26 Diogenes of Apollonia (5th cent. BC) followed Anaximenes of Miletus (6th cent. BC) in teaching that all things are composed of condensed or dilated air. As Aristotle suggests, Diogenes seems to have reinterpreted the

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